What is SAP R/3 ?

SAP R/3

SAP R/3 refers to Systems, Applications and Products for data Processing Real Time having a 3-tier Architecture. (Presentation, Application, Database Layers).

SAP is the leading ERP Software Solution Provider.

Releases

• SAP R/3 Release 1.0A Release Date 6 July 1992
• SAP R/3 Release 2.0 / 2.1 Released 1993
• SAP R/3 Release 3.0 / 3.1 Released 1995
• SAP R/3 Release 4.0B Release Date June 1998
• SAP R/3 Release 4.5B Release Date March 1999
• SAP R/3 Release 4.6A Release Date 1999
• SAP R/3 Release 4.6B Release Date Dec 1999
• SAP R/3 Release 4.6C Release Date April 2001
• SAP R/3 Enterprise Release 4.70 Release Date March- Dec 2003
• SAP R/3 Enterprise Edition 4.7
• SAP R/3 Enterprise Central Component 5.0
• SAP R/3 Enterprise Central Component 6.0

 

Architecture

SAP based the architecture of R/3 on a three-tier client/server

1. Presentation Layer(GUI)
2. Application Layer
3. Database Layer

Presentation Layer

The presentation layer contains the software components that make up the SAPgui (graphical user interface). This layer is the interface between the R/3 System and its users. The R/3 System uses the SAPgui to provide an intuitive graphical user interface for entering and displaying data.

The presentation layer sends the user’s input to the application server, and receives data for display from it. While a SAPgui component is running, it remains linked to a user’s terminal session in the R/3 System.

This software-oriented view can be expanded to include further layers, such as an Internet.

Application Layer

The application layer consists of one or more application servers and a message server. Each application server contains a set of services used to run the R/3 System. Theoretically, you only need one application server to run an R/3 System.

In practice, the services are distributed across more than one application server. This means that not all application servers will provide the full range of services. The message server is responsible for communication between the application servers. It passes requests from one application server to another within the system. It also contains information about application server groups and the current load balancing within them.

It uses this information to choose an appropriate server when a user logs onto the system.

Database Server

The database layer consists of a central database system containing all of the data in the R/3 System. The database system has two components - the database management system (DBMS), and the databse itself. 

SAP does not manufacture its own database. 

Instead, the R/3 System supports the following database systems from other suppliers: ADABAS D, DB2/400 (on AS/400), DB2/Common Server, DB2/MVS,INFORMIX, Microsoft SQL Server, ORACLE, and

ORACLE Parallel Server.

The database does not only contain the master data and transaction data from your business applications,all data for the entire R/3 System is stored there. 

For example, the database contains the control and Customizing data that determine how your R/3 System runs. It also contains the program code for your applications. Applications consist of program code, screen definitions, menus, function modules, and various other components. These are stored in a

special section of the database called the R/3 Repository, and are accordingly called Repository objects. You work with them in the ABAP Workbench.

Processing Blocks in ABAP Programs

The following sections explain the different processing blocks in ABAP programs and how they are called.

Dialog Modules

You call dialog modules from the screen flow logic (screen command MODULE). You can write a dialog module in an ABAP program for each state (PBO, PAI; user input) of any of the screens belonging to it. The PAI modules of a screen together with the PBO modules of the subsequent screen form a dialog step. The interaction between the flow logic and the screen is controlled by a dialog processor.

Dialog modules are introduced with the MODULE statement and concluded with the ENDMODULE statement.

Fields on a dialog screen have the same name as a corresponding field in the ABAP program. Data is passed between identically-named fields in the program. You do notdefine dialog screens in the ABAP programs.

Event Blocks for Selection Screens

A selection screen is a special kind of dialog screen that you create using ABAP commands in the declaration part of the program. The different events in a selection screen (PAI, PBO, user input), are controlled by a selection screen processor. You can program processing logic for these events in your program. The selection screen processor controls the flow logic of the selection screen.

You do not have to create the screen flow logic yourself, neither can you create your own dialog modules for the PBO or PAI events . Data is passed between selection screen and ABAP program using the fields (parameters and selection tables) which you create in the selection screen definition in the declaration part of the ABAP program.

Event Blocks for Lists

Lists are special screens which output formatted data. You can create them in any processing block in an ABAP program using a special set of commands (such as WRITE, NEW-PAGE and so on). The list processor displays the list on the screen and handles user actions within lists. The list processor controls the flow logic of the list. You do not have to create the screen flow logic yourself, neither can you create your own dialog modules for the PBO or PAI events .

You can call various event blocks while the list is being created which are used in page formatting. The above illustration contains the event block TOP-OF-PAGE, which is called from the ABAP program itself. When the list is displayed, the user can carry out actions which trigger event blocks for interactive list events (such as AT LINE-SELECTION). You can program processing logic for the interactive list events in your program. Data is transferred from list to ABAP program via system fields or an internal memory area called the HIDE area.

Event Blocks for Executable Programs (Reports)

When you run an executable program (type 1), it is controlled by a predefined process in the runtime environment. A series of processors is called, one after the other. These processors trigger events, for which you can define event blocks. Type 1 programs are event-driven.

The process is as follows:

1. The runtime environment creates the INITIALIZATION event and calls the corresponding event block (if it has been defined in the ABAP program).
2. If there is a selection screen defined in the program, control returns to the selection screen processor. This generates the corresponding events and calls their event blocks.
3. Control then passes to the reporting processor. It creates the START-OF-SELECTION event and calls the corresponding event block (if it has been defined in the ABAP program).
4. The logical database, if you are using one, calls further event blocks at this point.
5. The reporting processor creates the END-OF-SELECTION event and calls the corresponding event block (if it has been defined in the ABAP program).
6. If the program contains a list description, control now passes to the list processor. The list processor displays the list defined in the ABAP program. It converts user actions on the list into events and calls the corresponding event blocks. 

Subroutines

You call subroutines from ABAP programs using the PERFORM statement.

Subroutines are introduced with the FORM statement and concluded with the ENDFORM statement.

You can define subroutines in any ABAP program. You can either call a subroutine that is part of the same program or an external subroutine, that is, one that belongs to a different program. If you call an internal subroutine, you can use global data to pass values between the main program and the subroutine. When you call an external subroutine, you must pass actual parameters from the main program to formal parameters in the subroutine.

Function Modules

Function modules are external functions with a defined interface. You call function modules from ABAP programs using the CALL FUNCTION statement.

Function modules are introduced with the FUNCTION statement and concluded with the ENDFUNCTION statement.

You can only create function groups within special ABAP programs called function groups using the Function Builder. This means that you can only call them externally from other ABAP programs. Unlike subroutines, you always pass data to function modules using an explicit parameter interface.

Methods

Methods describe the functions of classes in ABAP Objects. Like function modules, they have a defined interface. You call methods from ABAP programs using the CALL METHOD statement.

Methods are introduced with the METHOD statement and concluded with the ENDMETHOD statement.

Methods can only be defined in the implementation parts of classes. You can either do this globally in the Class Builder, or locally within ABAP programs. Methods can work with the attributes of their class and with data that you pass to them using their explicit parameter interface.

Bijapur is known for its "Gol Gumbaz"

Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627–55) of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Indian sultans, who ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1490 to 1686.
The tomb, located in the city of Bijapur, or Vijapur in Karnataka, southern India, was built in 1659 by the famous architect, Yaqut of Dabul. The structure consists of a massive square chamber measuring nearly 50 m (160 ft) on each side and covered by a huge dome 44 meters/137.5 feet in diameter making it among one of the largest dome structures in world. The dome is supported on giant squinches supported by groined pendentives while outside the building is supported by domed octagonal corner towers.

Gol Gumbaj in Bijapur

The Dome is the third largest surviving from the pre-modern world after the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople and the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome. It while its general diameter is just a shadow larger than the Pantheon in Rome, the area it covers is substantially larger. Covering one of the biggest single chamber spaces in the world over an area of 18,225 square feet (1,693 square meters), it is a fifth larger than the better known Pantheon in Rome which is 14,996 square feet (1,393 square meters).

Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey in Oscar Library

Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

The Screenplay of Aushotosh Gowarikar’s historical drama Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey will soon be part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences archives.

The Library has asked Gowariker for the screenplay of the movie for the permanent core collection which is made for filmmakers, writers, actors and students worldwide for their research work, said press statement.

Members of Movie Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey featured Abhishek Bachchan and Deepika Padukone in lead roles.

The period movie, which failed to click at the Box office, is based on journalist Manini Chatterjee’s book Do & Die – The Chittagong Uprising 1930-34, about the lesser known freedom struggle.

Endangered Species

Polar Bear

Arctic Fox

Arctic foxes, Polar Bears and Musk Oxen are now in the list of endangered species, a US based ecosystem watchdog has said.

Polar Bear

Polar Bears are not the only species in danger from global warming. Center of Biological Diversity (CBD) has claimed that 17 Arctic animals are at risk from the melting ice in the region, according to the Telegraph.

Musk Oxen

Musk Ox

Oxytocin under Scrutiny

Sale and use of chemicals such as Oxytocin, a Schedule H drug is under scrutiny. It has already been banned in India for use on animals. But it is increasingly used by farmers to enhance the growth of fruits and vegetables such as pumpkins, watermelon, brinjal, gourd and cucumber. it is causing health hazards.

The drug was cheap and readily available. Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain which is used clinically to help begin or to sustain labour, to control bleeding after delivery and stimulate the secretion of breast milk. Another glaring issue is the use of chemicals such as copper sulphate for artificially colouring of fruits and vegetables.

Nalanda University Bill, 2010

Ruins of Nalanda University

A Bill named “The Nalanda University Bill, 2010” has been approved by Government for introduction in Parliament.  Bill is being piloted by the  Ministry of External Affairs.

Map of Nalanda District in Bihar

The proposed bill aims at revival of the Nalanda University as a 21^st century learning institution linking both South and East Asia and its development as place for meeting of minds from the national and international arenas, to carry out research that would link philosophy to science, technology, economy and spirituality and integrate both ancient and modern thinking.

Government of Bihar has issued a Notification transferring Nalanda University established under University of Nalanda Act, 2007 to the central Government for setting up of the Nalanda University.